Welding involves the process of enjoining construction materials, such as metals and thermoplastics, through a process known as coalescence. Welders melt the workpieces and add filler material in order to form a weld pool of molten material. Welders will use a gas flame, electric arch, laser technology, electron beam, ultrasound technology, and friction-based tools to induce this fusion of materials. The industrial process may involve different environments, including open air, underwater, and outer space workstations. Welding can present danger to those unprotected due to a hazardous undertaking involving an array of burns, electrical shock, vision damage due to debris and shrapnel, poisonous gases and fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet radiation.

The History of Welding

The origins of welding can be traced back to the Bronze and Iron Age in Europe and the Middle East. In fact, Herodotus, author of the ���The Histories,�۝ states that Glaucus of Chios was the man who invented iron welding. Other accounts describe early welders constructing the iron pillar in Delhi, India during 310 A.D. During the Middle Ages, blacksmiths pounded heated metal until bonding occurred, a process that would become known as forge welding. Nikolai Benardos created the first electric arch welding device that used carbon electrodes to promote the fusion between metals. Other welding methods, such as resistance welding and oxyfuel welding all enhanced primitive arc welding methods throughout the 19^th century. The World Wars brought significant advancements to the welding industry due to major military demands for indestructible infrastructure. Some of these projects included: the Bridge of Maurzyce, the Fulagar, and German airplane fuselages. Modern advancements, such as plasma arch welding, electromagnetic pulse welding, and friction-stir welding have brought about high-quality applications among today's societal expanse across all industries.

• The Dawn of the Iron Age ��� A radio broadcast detailing the intricate details behind the Iron Age.
• The History of Welding ��� A comprehensive article describing the extensive history behind welding.
• History of Steelmaking ��� An comprehensive article entailing the historical process of steel-making, including welding techniques.
• Welding and Gases Today ��� A brief introduction to the history behind welding tools and equipment used across several industries.
• Facts About Welding ��� A brief summary about pertinent facts centered around welding.
• History of Submerged Arc Welding ��� An extensive web page presenting beneficial information on the history of submerged arc welding.

Types of Welding

There are four main types of welding used by laymen and professionals, including arc, gas, resistance, energy beam, and solid-state welding. Arc welding uses a welding power supply to create an electrical between the welding tools electrode and base material in order to fuse metals together. Gas welding employs oxyfuel in order to weld pipes and tubes. Resistance welding consists of heat generation by passing it through the contact of two or more metal surfaces. Energy beam welding uses laser technology to meld different metals together. Solid-state welding , or ultrasonic welding, connects thin sheets of metal or thermoplastic together through vibration at high frequency and under high pressure.

• Arc Welding (PDF) ��� A student presentation of one of the main welding methods used among laymen and professionals across various industries.
• Oxyacetylene Welding ��� An extensive outline of oxyfuel welding, including its advantages, disadvantages, proper preparation, tips and suggestions.
• Energy Saving Through High Frequency Electric Resistance Welding (PDF) ��� An abstract paper covering the intricacies and energy saving technology behind electric resistance welding.
• Application Experiences with Laser Beam Welding ��� A comprehensive resource dedicated to helping laymen understand the metallurgical implications bend the various metals and the aids behind the laser welding process.
• What is Ultrasonic Welding? ��� Dukane explains the ultrasonic welding process.
• Solid State Welding ��� Solid state welding involved welding processes that produces coalescence at temperatures below melting point.
• Electron Beam Welding ��� Electron beam welding consists of using an electron beam to heat the weld joint.
• Gas Welding Safety Tips ��� A comprehensive list of gas welding safety tips from welding professionals.
• Underwater Welding (PDF) ��� A brochure presenting some basic facts about underwater welding.

Necessary Equipment

Welders face hazardous and potentially fatal circumstances when operating the appropriate machinery. For this reason, welders must take proper precautions, such as wearing the personal protective equipment, especially if procedures involve an open electric arc or flame. Personal protective equipment may include: leather gloves, long sleeve jackets, goggles, helmets, steel-toed shoes, gas masks, and ear muffs. Additionally, welders will erect translucent welding curtains to avoid bystander injury. Some environments may require a ventilated, full-body protective suit to avoid exposure to dangerous particulate matter, which could cause significant damage to body's processes.

• Arc Welding Safety (PDF) ��� An introductory module into arc welding safety, including the proper equipment to wear to avoid injury and potential fatality.
• Cutting and Welding Operations (Hot Work) ��� A comprehensive introduction into working with welding operations that utilize hot sources to accomplish the fusion between metals.
• Personal Protection Equipment Appendices ��� Virginia Tech University offers an educational database of personal protection equipment used across numerous industries.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Welding and Cutting (PDF) ��� A fact-sheet offering bulleted suggestions in regards to personal protective equipment when welding and cutting metals.
• Welding Safety ��� A basic introduction to welding safety procedures and the appropriate equipment to wear to protect oneself from injury.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Welding and Cutting ��� OSHA presents federal regulations and safety standards for welding and cutting processes.
• Welding Safety Precautions and Tips ��� My Discount Tools presents a thorough list of tips and suggestions for the appropriate welding safety.
• Arc Welding Safety ��� Lincoln Electric presents answers for frequently asked questions based on the safety employe d during arch welding processes.
• Welding Safety Guide ��� A comprehensive chart of must-do safety tips for general welding projects.

Welding Schools and Organizations

A welder's certification embodies a procedure or qualification test measuring the aptitude of the candidate eligible for a career within the welding industry. Competent graduates should possess the skill and comprehension levels to follow the given instructions in order to produce the same results as the specific procedure outlines. In other words, a competent graduate will understand what it takes to produce quality results. Most welder qualification tests are given as pre-employment screenings, while a welder's certification ensures that the graduate understands the basic skills and codes to enter the workforce without discrepancy on the employer's behalf.

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ��� The American National Standards Institute supports and coordinates the United States private sector's voluntary standardizations system.
• American Welding Society ��� A nonprofit organization with goals to advance the science, technology and application of welding across an unlimited amount of industries on a global scale.
• The Canadian Welding Bureau ��� The CWB, a nonprofit organization, provides welding certification, management systems registration, and training services across the globe.
• QUASAR: Quality Systems Assessment Registrar ��� QUASAR provides registration services for ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 for the metal fabrication sector specific to Canada.
• Fabricators and Manufacturers Association International (FMA) ��� The FMA provides information and opportunities for welders and other metal fabricators through conferences, magazines, and research centers.
• Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI) ��� The IFI consists of an association of manufacturers of bolts, nuts, screws, rivets and other fasteners.
• Society of Manufacturing Engineers ��� An association of manufacturing executive managers and engineers networked in order to improve technology-specific problems, application renewals, and regulatory standards.
• The Welding Institute ��� The Welding Institute provides support for welders across Australia.
• The Welding Research Council (WRC) ��� The Welding Research Council identifies and provides improvement suggestions for committees to advance, evaluate, and disseminate pertinent technical information within the welding industry.